Pentagon Warning Undercuts Trump Administration’s Claims as Iran War Drains U.S. Military Resources

WASHINGTON  Senior U.S. military commanders have privately warned Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth that the Trump administration's prolonged military campaign against Iran is becoming unsustainable, exposing a widening gap between the administration's public assurances and the increasingly troubling assessment coming from inside the Pentagon.

The warnings are contained in the Aug. 14 edition of the classified Secretary of Defense Orders Book, according to The Washington Post, which reported that military leaders responsible for forces in Europe, Asia and Latin America raised concerns about extending deployments supporting the Iran war.

The classified document has not been released publicly. Its contents were described to the Post by people familiar with the assessment. 

The warnings present a serious challenge for President Donald Trump and Hegseth, who have repeatedly projected confidence in America's ability to continue military operations while maintaining sufficient forces and weapons to confront threats elsewhere.

Behind those assurances, however, some of America's highest-ranking military officers are warning that ships, aircraft, troops and weapons diverted to the Middle East are reducing military readiness in other parts of the world.

The concerns are no longer theoretical.

The Pentagon has separately pressed defense contractors to dramatically accelerate production of critical weapons after months of fighting depleted American munitions. Deputy Defense Secretary Steve Feinberg gave defense companies 21 days to produce plans for faster deliveries and increased production, according to an August memo. 

Commanders Push Back on Extended Iran Deployments

The Pentagon's orders book provides senior officials with assessments of the worldwide availability of American ships, aircraft, personnel and weapons.

According to the Post, leaders of U.S. European Command, U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Southern Command, along with the Navy's top officer, registered formal "non-concurs" with portions of Hegseth's orders.

A non-concur is not a refusal to obey an order. It formally records a military leader's disagreement while acknowledging that the directive will still be carried out.

The significance is difficult to dismiss: Commanders responsible for American military operations across three major regions of the world were warning the defense secretary about the consequences of continuing to divert their resources to the Middle East. 

Adm. Samuel Paparo, commander of U.S. forces in the Indo-Pacific, objected to the continuing level of support his command was ordered to provide, including an aircraft carrier strike group and destroyers.

That matters because the Indo-Pacific is at the center of America's strategy for deterring China.

The Navy's only dedicated Pacific aircraft carrier was sent to the Middle East to relieve another carrier that had been deployed for more than 300 days, according to the Post. 

Navy Warns It Cannot Sustain the Pace

One of the strongest warnings reportedly came from Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Daryl Caudle.

Caudle told Hegseth that the Navy cannot sustain its current level of support for the Iran conflict without a foreseeable end to the operation, according to people familiar with the assessment.

Barely one-quarter of the Navy's destroyer fleet was ready to deploy, the Post reported.

Extended deployments also create problems that cannot simply be fixed by ordering sailors to remain at sea longer. Ships require maintenance. Crews require training and rest. Delayed maintenance can reduce the number of vessels available for future emergencies.

The result is a military readiness problem created not only by what America is using in Iran, but by what America may no longer have immediately available if another crisis erupts. 

Missile Stocks Take a Beating

The administration faces an equally serious problem with ammunition.

The Associated Press reported last week that American stocks of Patriot missile interceptors in Europe have fallen to levels described as "beyond critical" by a U.S. defense official in Europe and a NATO official.

Patriot missiles are among the few Western systems capable of intercepting sophisticated ballistic missiles.

The Iran war was described as the tipping point that rapidly reduced those inventories, although previous transfers to Ukraine also contributed to the decline. 

The Pentagon disputes that characterization.

Pentagon spokesman Sean Parnell called claims of American ammunition shortages false and said the United States maintains the arsenal necessary to defend American interests and conduct military operations.

NATO military spokesman Col. Martin O'Donnell similarly disputed the description of European Patriot stocks as "beyond critical." 

But the administration's denials sit alongside its own actions.

The Pentagon is simultaneously demanding that defense companies accelerate production.

Feinberg told manufacturers that years-long development cycles are no longer acceptable and that production capacity must be expanded immediately. 

That creates an obvious political problem for the administration: It is publicly rejecting descriptions of a munitions crisis while urgently pushing industry to replenish weapons depleted during the Iran conflict.

Some Weapons Could Take Years to Replace

The scale of the expenditure helps explain the military's concern.

An analysis cited in recent reporting estimated that the U.S. Patriot inventory declined from roughly 2,330 interceptors before the war to between 759 and 827 following the latest fighting — a decline of at least 65%.

THAAD interceptor inventories were estimated to be at least 38% below prewar levels. 

The Pentagon has responded by pursuing agreements and contracts intended to sharply increase missile production.

But money cannot instantly produce missiles.

Advanced interceptors require specialized factories, components, rocket motors, electronics and skilled workers. Production lines that were designed to manufacture hundreds of missiles cannot immediately begin producing thousands.

The administration is therefore confronting a basic reality of modern warfare: Weapons can be fired much faster than American industry can replace them.

Iran War Creates Risks Far Beyond Iran

That would be concerning even if Iran were America's only potential adversary.

It isn't.

The United States maintains military commitments in Europe while Russia continues its war against Ukraine. American forces in Asia are expected to deter China and prepare for the possibility of a conflict involving Taiwan. U.S. forces must also maintain the ability to respond to crises on the Korean Peninsula and defend the American homeland.

Those missions compete for many of the same ships, aircraft and missiles now being concentrated in the Middle East.

The classified assessment reportedly warns that prolonged Iran operations could weaken America's ability to respond to threats elsewhere, including threats to the homeland. 

That raises a question the Trump administration has struggled to answer publicly: What is the endgame?

Keeping tens of thousands of troops on alert and extending deployments into 2027 may preserve Trump's military options against Tehran, but it also carries costs elsewhere.

More than 50,000 U.S. troops have remained on alert for months in connection with the conflict, according to the Post. 

Administration Attacks Reporting

Rather than publicly releasing more information about America's military readiness, the Pentagon has attacked reporting about the classified assessments.

Parnell has argued that formal disagreements from commanders are a routine part of Pentagon decision-making and has disputed portions of the reporting.

The Pentagon has also criticized the publication of classified military information.

But calling the process routine does not erase what the commanders reportedly said.

The central issue is not whether military officers are permitted to disagree with civilian leadership. They are.

The issue is what they are warning about.

Senior officers responsible for major regions of the world are telling Pentagon leadership that continued demands from the Iran war are degrading their ability to carry out other missions.

That is substantially different from the image of limitless American military capacity projected publicly by the administration.

Trump Administration Faces Questions Over Strategy

The emerging picture raises difficult questions about how the administration planned for a prolonged conflict.

If military commanders were already concerned about ammunition supplies and global force availability, the administration must explain why it pursued a strategy capable of consuming enormous quantities of America's most difficult-to-replace weapons without a clearly defined timetable for ending the operation.

It also raises questions for Congress.

A prolonged war can affect American military readiness for years after the shooting stops. Rebuilding missile inventories, completing deferred ship maintenance and restoring training schedules cannot necessarily be accomplished within a single budget cycle.

The Trump administration can argue that maintaining overwhelming pressure on Iran is necessary for American security.

But it cannot credibly treat the military resources required to maintain that pressure as unlimited.

The warnings contained in the classified Pentagon assessment suggest America's own commanders understand that reality.

And despite the administration's public reassurances, the Pentagon's simultaneous scramble to increase missile production provides additional evidence that the strain on America's arsenal is real.

The question facing Washington is therefore no longer simply whether the United States has enough military power to continue fighting Iran.

It is whether continuing the war at this pace leaves America sufficiently prepared for the next crisis and whether the Trump administration adequately considered that risk before committing the country to a prolonged conflict.

The Smearing of Alex Pretti: False Story That Slain VA Nurse Was Fired Traced to Vietnam-Based ‘Viet Spam’

MINNEAPOLIS — Alex Pretti was an intensive care nurse who cared for American veterans. He was also a 37-year-old U.S. citizen who was fatally shot by federal Border Patrol agents on a Minneapolis street on Jan. 24, 2026.

And almost immediately after his death, another battle began — this one over the truth about who Alex Pretti was.

A disturbing story began circulating across Facebook claiming Pretti had been fired from his nursing job months before his death because of allegations of inappropriate or predatory behavior toward patients.

There was just one major problem.

The story wasn't true.

Fact-checkers investigating the allegation found no evidence that Pretti had been fired for misconduct. Instead, evidence showed that he remained an ICU nurse at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center at the time of his death.

Even more troubling, investigators traced the false story not to a hospital, police report or legitimate American news organization, but to what fact-checkers described as a Vietnam-based network pumping AI-generated misinformation into American social media.

The ‘Viet Spam’ Connection

Lead Stories traced one version of the fabricated story to BuzzReport247.com and reported that it was promoted through Facebook pages managed from Vietnam.

The fact-checking organization calls this growing phenomenon “Viet Spam” — networks that use artificial intelligence, fake or misleading Facebook pages and sensational headlines to generate viral stories aimed largely at American and European audiences.

The formula is straightforward: manufacture an emotionally explosive story, attach it to a recognizable person or breaking news event, push it through social media and collect advertising revenue from people clicking the link.

In Pretti's case, the misinformation appeared almost immediately after his killing.

The fabricated article claimed that Pretti had worked at “Lakeshore Medical Center” and had been terminated following complaints from patients' families.

But Pretti didn't work there.

He worked at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center, caring for veterans in its intensive care unit.

The bogus story also quoted a supposed hospital executive named “Dr. Elena Vasquez.”

Fact-checkers found no evidence that this supposed executive had anything to do with Pretti's actual employer.

The false article couldn't even get Pretti's age right. It described him as 42. He was 37.

Pretti Was Still Working at the VA

Evidence from multiple independent sources directly contradicts the claim that Pretti had been fired.

The union representing federal employees identified Pretti as one of its members and an ICU nurse at the Minneapolis VA.

His colleagues described working with him there.

Patients described being treated by him.

A nursing student described spending months working alongside Pretti during a capstone preceptorship at the Minneapolis VA.

Pretti also held an active and unrestricted registered-nurse license at the time of his death, according to records reviewed by Lead Stories.

The Associated Press reported after his death that Pretti's father, Michael Pretti, described his son as a compassionate person who cared deeply about the American veterans he treated as an ICU nurse.

That is dramatically different from the portrait painted by the fabricated social-media stories.

A Fake Photograph Added to the Deception

The misinformation campaign went beyond fabricated allegations.

One viral version included a photograph supposedly depicting Pretti wearing a pink dress.

That wasn't Alex Pretti either.

Fact-checkers determined that the image appeared to be a digitally altered photograph of another person associated with the reality program “Fishtank Live.”

So the viral story had virtually every hallmark of manufactured internet misinformation: the wrong hospital, a nonexistent or falsely attributed executive, the wrong age, unsupported allegations and even a photograph of somebody else.

Yet it spread.

Pretti Was Killed by Border Patrol Agents

Pretti's death occurred during the Trump administration's immigration-enforcement operation in Minneapolis.

Although the incident has frequently been described online as an “ICE shooting,” the federal officers who fatally shot Pretti were associated with U.S. Customs and Border Protection, including Border Patrol, not ICE.

Pretti was a U.S. citizen.

According to reporting on the shooting, he was legally permitted to carry a handgun. Federal officials initially portrayed him as having threatened officers, but subsequent video evidence and reporting raised serious questions about those early descriptions of what happened.

A preliminary federal report obtained by the Minnesota Star Tribune said a Border Patrol agent and a Customs and Border Protection officer fired their weapons during the confrontation.

The report did not say that Pretti threatened officers with his firearm.

His family strongly disputed the government's early characterization of their son and said Pretti had been attempting to protect a woman during the confrontation.

A Man Dies — Then the Internet Reinvents Him

There is something particularly disturbing about what happened after Alex Pretti's death.

People were entitled to debate his actions, the actions of federal officers, immigration enforcement and the circumstances that led to the shooting.

But disagreement over a controversial police shooting does not justify inventing someone's history.

Pretti's employment record should be a matter of fact, not ideology.

Either he was fired for misconduct or he wasn't.

The available evidence overwhelmingly supports the latter.

Alex Pretti was not fired from the Minneapolis VA for sexual or inappropriate misconduct.

The viral allegations were fabricated.

Snopes rated the firing claim false. Lead Stories independently investigated similar allegations and concluded that the story originated with a Vietnam-based spam operation using AI-generated content.

The misinformation illustrates a much larger problem facing Americans.

Artificial intelligence has made producing convincing fake news extraordinarily cheap. Operators thousands of miles away can manufacture stories about American political controversies within hours, build Facebook pages that resemble news organizations and distribute those stories to an audience already angry enough to share first and ask questions later.

Alex Pretti became an example of the human consequences.

A 37-year-old ICU nurse was shot and killed by federal agents. His death was already controversial enough.

There was no need to invent another story about him.

Whatever Americans ultimately conclude about the circumstances surrounding Pretti's killing, that debate should begin with facts.

And one of those facts is now firmly established:

Alex Pretti was an ICU nurse caring for veterans at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center when he died. He had not been fired for misconduct. The viral story claiming otherwise was fake — and evidence traced its distribution to the Vietnam-based misinformation ecosystem fact-checkers have dubbed “Viet Spam.”

The Vietnam connection is particularly well documented by Lead Stories: it reported that Meta transparency information showed the Facebook page spreading one version was managed from Vietnam and described it as part of a broader AI-driven “Viet Spam” operation. Snopes separately rated the firing allegation false, while AP reporting identified Pretti as an ICU nurse at the Minneapolis VA at the time he was killed. 

Michigan Citizenship Voting Amendment Fight Lands at U.S. Supreme Court

WASHINGTON — A battle over whether Michigan voters should get the chance to decide a proposed constitutional amendment requiring proof of U.S. citizenship for voting has reached the U.S. Supreme Court, just days before the state must finalize its November ballot.

Americans for Citizen Voting–Michigan filed an emergency application with the nation’s highest court on Aug. 31, asking the justices to order Michigan election officials to place its proposed constitutional amendment on the 2026 ballot while litigation over the petition continues.

The case, Americans for Citizen Voting–Michigan v. Michigan Board of State Canvassers, has been docketed at the Supreme Court as No. 26A275, with the emergency application submitted to Justice Brett Kavanaugh, who handles emergency matters arising from the Sixth Circuit.

At stake is not yet whether Michigan should require proof of citizenship to vote. The immediate fight is much narrower: Did the petition campaign collect enough legally valid signatures to put the question before Michigan voters?

More Than 700,000 Signatures Submitted

Americans for Citizen Voting submitted 709,841 signatures supporting the proposed constitutional amendment.

That appears comfortably above Michigan's requirement of 446,198 valid signatures for a citizen-initiated constitutional amendment.

But Michigan does not simply count the number of signatures submitted. Election officials use a statistical sampling process to determine whether a petition contains enough valid signatures.

The Michigan Bureau of Elections examined a random sample of 1,000 signatures.

Because the campaign submitted 709,841 signatures, election officials calculated that at least 629 of the 1,000 sampled signatures needed to be valid for the petition to qualify for certification.

After challenges and reviews were completed, Bureau of Elections staff determined that only 612 signatures were valid — a 61.2% validity rate.

The required validity rate was approximately 62.9%.

That relatively small statistical difference was enough to keep the proposal from Michigan's ballot.

According to the state's report, sampled signatures were rejected for several reasons, including voters whose signatures did not sufficiently match records, people who were not registered in the city or township they listed, problems with dates, and incomplete or incorrect municipality information. 

What the Proposed Amendment Would Do

The proposal goes considerably further than simply adding the words "proof of citizenship" to Michigan election law.

According to the Michigan Board of State Canvassers' description, the amendment would create a statewide citizenship-verification system for voters.

It would require citizenship verification through government databases, submission of documents or provisional voting.

Documents used to establish citizenship could include a birth certificate, passport or other qualifying records.

The proposal would also require election officials to separately track eligibility for federal, state and local elections and establish procedures for removing people determined to be noncitizens after notice and an opportunity to challenge that determination.

Beginning in November 2027, ballots cast by voters whose citizenship remained unverified generally could not be counted unless the voter provided the necessary documentation within six days after the election.

The proposal would also make significant changes to Michigan's voter-identification system. It would eliminate the current affidavit alternative for voters who arrive at the polls without photo identification and establish additional identification requirements for absentee voting. 

That means Michigan voters would be deciding on a substantial restructuring of voter eligibility verification — not merely a symbolic declaration that voters must be citizens.

Petition Group Says Michigan Voters Are Being Denied Their Voice

Americans for Citizen Voting argues that keeping the proposal off the ballot would create irreparable harm because there would be no practical way to restore the lost opportunity after the election.

The organization first sought relief from the Michigan Supreme Court before turning to Washington.

Its emergency Supreme Court application contends that, because Michigan's ballot-printing deadline is approaching, ordinary litigation could move too slowly to provide meaningful relief.

The organization wants the U.S. Supreme Court to order the amendment onto the ballot while the courts continue deciding whether Michigan officials properly rejected enough signatures to prevent certification.

The application asks the justices to act by Sept. 3, because Michigan officials face a deadline shortly afterward for finalizing the ballot. 

The group's basic argument is straightforward: if the proposal is excluded now and the campaign later wins its case, the victory will come too late.

If the amendment is printed on the ballot and the organization ultimately loses its legal challenge, however, courts could potentially prevent the results from taking effect.

Michigan election officials, on the other hand, have relied on the state's established petition-review process and the results of the statistical sample.

That produces the central legal question now confronting the courts: Should judges intervene before the election when state election officials have determined that a petition statistically failed to produce enough valid signatures?

The Numbers Make This Case Particularly Significant

One reason this dispute is likely to attract attention is how close the petition came to clearing Michigan's statistical threshold.

The campaign needed 629 valid signatures within the 1,000-signature sample.

Election staff ultimately counted 612.

That is a difference of only 17 sampled signatures.

Yet because those 1,000 signatures are used to estimate the validity of more than 700,000 submitted signatures, those 17 signatures have enormous consequences.

Americans for Citizen Voting argues that disputed signature determinations therefore deserve intensive scrutiny.

Michigan election officials maintain that the statistical sampling process is established under state election procedures and must be applied consistently.

The Supreme Court Is Being Asked to Move Quickly

Emergency election cases can put the Supreme Court in a difficult position.

Courts generally prefer legal disputes to move through lower courts first, allowing judges to develop a factual record and consider the competing legal arguments.

Election deadlines do not always allow that luxury.

Ballots must be approved, printed and distributed. Overseas and military ballots have deadlines of their own. At some point, election administration becomes extremely difficult to change without risking confusion.

Americans for Citizen Voting argues that Michigan officials contributed to that emergency by taking months to reach a final decision on its petitions.

The campaign filed its petitions in March, while the Board's major certification proceedings occurred in August. 

The Supreme Court's docket confirms that the emergency application was formally filed Aug. 31 and referred to Justice Kavanaugh.

Citizenship and Voting Have Become a Major National Issue

Only U.S. citizens may legally vote in federal elections.

The political and legal dispute centers largely on how states should verify citizenship and what documentation voters should be required to produce.

Supporters of proof-of-citizenship laws argue that citizenship is one of the fundamental qualifications for voting and that governments should verify it rather than relying primarily on voter attestations and existing registration systems.

Opponents argue that documentary requirements can prevent otherwise eligible citizens from voting, particularly people who do not readily possess passports, birth certificates or other qualifying documents.

Those competing arguments are already generating litigation around the country.

The Supreme Court is separately expected to confront questions surrounding Arizona's proof-of-citizenship requirements for federal elections, making the Michigan dispute part of a much broader national legal battle over how voter citizenship should be verified.

Michigan Voters May Never Reach the Underlying Question

Perhaps the most unusual aspect of the Michigan case is that hundreds of thousands of residents signed petitions seeking a public vote, yet Michigan voters may never decide whether they actually support the proposal.

That distinction matters.

Signing a petition does not necessarily mean supporting the amendment itself. It means supporting placing the question before voters.

Likewise, the Supreme Court is not presently being asked to decide whether Michigan should enact the citizenship requirements.

The immediate dispute concerns ballot access, petition validity and whether judicial intervention is justified before election deadlines make further relief practically impossible.

The Court could grant emergency relief, deny it, or allow proceedings in Michigan's courts to continue.

Whatever happens, the case highlights just how consequential petition-signature rules can be.

Americans for Citizen Voting collected more than 700,000 signatures, roughly 263,000 more than Michigan's minimum requirement.

Yet after statistical sampling, the initiative's future may effectively come down to 17 signatures out of 1,000 examined.

And now the final decision over whether Michigan voters even get to see the question on their ballots could rest with nine justices in Washington.

I verified the 709,841 submitted signatures, the 446,198-signature requirement, the 629-of-1,000 certification threshold, the state's 612-valid-signature finding, and the Aug. 31 Supreme Court filing against Michigan and Supreme Court records. 

America’s Sinful Past: Native Treaties Broken and the Removal of Native Children

 

For much of the first century of the United States, Native American nations were treated as governments capable of making binding agreements with the federal government.

The United States signed treaties with Native nations because tribes controlled territory, maintained governments, formed alliances, fought wars, traded with neighboring nations, and exercised authority over their own people. The United States did not begin treaty-making as a charitable gesture. It did so because Native nations were sovereign powers whose cooperation — or resistance — mattered.

Between 1778 and 1871, the United States ratified approximately 374 treaties with Native nations. The first was the 1778 treaty with the Delaware, or Lenape, Nation. The treaty era formally ended in 1871, but the treaties already ratified were not erased. They remain part of federal law.

These agreements were supposed to establish peace and define mutual responsibilities. Instead, they became part of a larger history in which Native nations repeatedly surrendered land while the United States repeatedly failed to honor what it promised in return.

What the Treaties Promised

Every treaty was different, but the agreements usually dealt with several major issues:

• Peace between the United States and a Native nation.

• Recognition of tribal territory and boundaries.

• Land cessions to the United States.

• Creation or confirmation of reservation lands.

• Protection from settler intrusion.

• Annual payments, often called annuities.

• Food, livestock, farming tools, schools, health services, or other federal support.

• The right to hunt, fish, gather, travel, or use resources in traditional areas.

• Recognition of tribal leadership and government-to-government relations.

The United States commonly demanded vast land cessions. In exchange, tribes were promised that the land left to them would be theirs permanently.

But “permanently” often lasted only until non-Native settlers, railroad companies, mining interests, timber companies, or the federal government wanted that land too.

A treaty might reserve a homeland for a Native nation, only for a later treaty, congressional act, executive order, or military action to reduce it again. The government often treated treaty guarantees as negotiable when they became inconvenient.

How Land Was Taken Despite the Treaties

The United States expanded across the continent through military conquest, settlement, land speculation, railroad construction, and federal policy. Treaties were often used to make that expansion appear lawful.

Many Native leaders signed under impossible circumstances. Their communities had already been weakened by violence, disease, destroyed food supplies, loss of hunting grounds, or the threat of further military action. In some cases, the federal government negotiated with selected individuals rather than leaders recognized by the tribe itself.

The Treaty of New Echota is one of the clearest examples.

In 1835, a small group signed an agreement that ceded Cherokee land east of the Mississippi River. The elected Cherokee government opposed it, and many Cherokee people rejected it. Yet the United States treated the agreement as legitimate.

Three years later, federal troops forced thousands of Cherokee people from their homes in Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Alabama. They were marched westward to present-day Oklahoma. Thousands died during the removal from illness, cold, hunger, exhaustion, and exposure.

The Trail of Tears was not simply an unfortunate migration. It was the forced removal of a people from their homeland, justified by an agreement that many of the people affected did not accept.

Similar stories unfolded across the country.

In the Great Lakes region, treaties with the Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi, Menominee, and other Native nations transferred huge portions of land to the United States. In return, tribes retained specified reservations and rights connected to hunting, fishing, gathering, and access to natural resources.

Those rights remain significant in Michigan and throughout the region. Tribal fishing rights, especially in the Great Lakes, have been the subject of major legal and political disputes because treaties did not merely give land away. They preserved certain rights for Native nations after land cessions.

In the Pacific Northwest, tribes reserved the right to fish at their “usual and accustomed” locations. State officials later attempted to limit those rights, but federal courts held that the treaties still mattered. Tribes had not surrendered their fishing rights; they had specifically retained them.

In the Plains, treaty promises involving the Lakota, Dakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Nez Perce, and many other nations were repeatedly violated as settlers and the military moved west. The discovery of gold, the construction of railroads, and the desire for farmland routinely outweighed promises made in treaty language.

The 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, for example, recognized the Great Sioux Reservation and included the Black Hills. But when gold was discovered in the Black Hills, the United States failed to keep settlers and prospectors out. The land was later taken despite treaty protections.

The Supreme Court eventually recognized that the taking of the Black Hills violated the treaty and awarded financial compensation. But money could not replace land that is sacred, culturally central, and tied to a people’s identity.

The Dawes Act and the Breaking Up of Reservations

Treaty violations did not end with open warfare and forced removals.

In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, also known as the General Allotment Act. The law divided reservation land into small individual parcels. Land classified as “surplus” after allotment was opened to non-Native settlers.

The policy was sold as a way to turn Native people into individual farmers and force them into American society. Its real effect was to destroy communal tribal landholding and dramatically reduce the Native land base.

Before allotment, tribes collectively held more than 136 million acres. By 1934, that number had fallen to less than 50 million acres.

Native nations lost millions of acres not because they had freely chosen to sell their homelands, but because federal policy dismantled tribal land systems and transferred land to others.

The policy also created long-term problems that remain today: fractionated ownership, complicated inheritance claims, limited tribal control over land, and difficulty building housing, businesses, or infrastructure on checkerboard reservation lands.

Why Treaties Still Matter Under American Law

Treaties with Native nations are not museum pieces.

Under the Constitution, treaties are part of the “supreme Law of the Land.” Congress ended future treaty-making with Native nations in 1871, but it did not cancel the agreements already ratified.

Courts have repeatedly held that treaty rights continue unless Congress clearly removes them. Judges have also said treaties should be understood as Native nations would have understood them when they signed.

That matters because treaty language was often written in English by federal officials, while the negotiations involved Native languages, interpreters, unequal bargaining power, and different cultural understandings of land and sovereignty.

A treaty may look like a land sale on paper. But to Native nations, it may also have been a promise that their people could continue fishing, hunting, traveling, gathering food, practicing religion, and living as a self-governing community.

When governments ignore those rights, Native nations often must spend years in court defending promises that were made generations earlier.

The Removal of Native Children Was Part of the Same Policy

The taking of Native children from their families was not separate from the taking of Native land.

Federal policy makers believed that if they could separate children from their languages, religious practices, families, and tribal communities, they could weaken Native nations over time. Children could be reshaped into members of non-Native society, while tribal identity, culture, and political independence could be undermined.

This was the purpose of the federal Indian boarding-school system.

Beginning in the 19th century, Native children were removed from their homes and sent to boarding schools, sometimes hundreds or thousands of miles away. Children could be taken through direct coercion, pressure on families, compulsory attendance rules, threats connected to food rations or government assistance, or the simple reality that parents had little power to resist federal agents.

The schools were often run by the federal government, religious institutions, or both. The Interior Department has found that religious organizations were involved in or supported roughly half of the federally identified boarding schools.

The government’s stated goal was assimilation. Native children were expected to stop speaking their own languages, stop practicing Native religions, abandon tribal customs, and accept the values imposed by the schools.

What Happened to Children at Boarding Schools

When many children arrived, their hair was cut. Their traditional clothing was taken away. They were given English names. Brothers and sisters were separated. They were prohibited from speaking their languages, and some were punished when they did.

Their days were often highly controlled. Schools used military-style discipline, uniforms, drills, strict schedules, and constant supervision.

Children were taught English and basic academics, but many schools also depended on student labor. Boys were commonly assigned agricultural, construction, industrial, or maintenance work. Girls were commonly assigned laundry, sewing, cooking, cleaning, and domestic labor.

The labor often helped keep the institutions running.

Many children were isolated from their parents and communities for months or years. Letters could be monitored. Travel home was difficult or impossible. Children who died at school were sometimes buried far from their families, with parents receiving little information or no chance to bring their child home.

The federal government’s boarding-school investigation identified at least 53 schools with marked or unmarked burial sites. The number is expected to grow as records are reviewed and communities continue documenting their own histories.

The system harmed children in different ways. Survivors have described loneliness, fear, hunger, physical punishment, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, forced labor, and the pain of being made to feel ashamed of their own language and identity.

A 1928 federal study, commonly known as the Meriam Report, documented serious problems in Native boarding schools, including overcrowding, inadequate food, poor health conditions, child labor, and abuse. The report helped expose what Native families had been saying for years: the system was causing profound harm.

Carlisle Became the Model

The Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania became one of the best-known boarding schools. It opened in 1879 at a former military barracks, far from many Native communities in the West.

Its model was based on removing children from their homes and placing them in an institution designed to transform their identity. Carlisle influenced the creation of other off-reservation boarding schools.

The phrase most associated with the era — “Kill the Indian, save the man” — captured the philosophy behind the system. The purpose was not simply education. It was cultural destruction and forced assimilation.

The federal government has since acknowledged that the boarding-school system was tied to both assimilation and territorial dispossession. Removing children weakened family structures, tribal language transmission, cultural practices, and the ability of communities to maintain their own identity.

The System’s Timeline and What Continued Afterward

The Interior Department’s formal investigation identifies the federal Indian boarding-school system as operating from 1819 through 1969. It found at least 408 federal Indian boarding schools across 37 states or territories, including Alaska and Hawai‘i.

That does not mean the trauma or child-removal practices ended in 1969.

Some boarding schools remained open afterward, though modern Native residential schools cannot automatically be treated as identical to the historic assimilation system. Some are now tribally controlled and teach Native language, history, and culture — the opposite of the older policy.

But the removal of Native children through state child-welfare systems continued long after the main federal boarding-school era.

By the 1960s and 1970s, Native children were being removed from their homes at devastating rates and placed in foster homes, institutions, or adoptive homes outside their tribes. These removals often reflected bias, misunderstanding of Native family structures, poverty, and the same belief that Native children would be “better off” away from their communities.

Congress passed the Indian Child Welfare Act in 1978 to address this crisis. The law created federal standards for child-custody proceedings involving Native children and recognized that tribes have a direct interest in keeping children connected to their families and communities whenever safely possible.

The law did not erase the damage already done, and it did not end every improper removal. But it was a major rejection of the older policies that treated tribal identity as something to be removed from children rather than protected.

By the 1990s, Native nations had gained greater authority over education and child welfare, and federal policy had shifted toward tribal self-determination. Still, many survivors were alive, many families were still searching for records, and many communities were rebuilding languages and traditions that earlier generations had been punished for practicing.

The Damage Did Not End With One Generation

When a child is taken from a family, the harm does not end when that child becomes an adult.

Children separated from parents may lose language, family history, traditional knowledge, and the ability to pass those things to their own children. Parents who lost children carried grief and trauma for decades. Communities lost future language speakers, ceremonial leaders, teachers, parents, and tribal citizens who might otherwise have remained closely connected to home.

This is why Native communities often describe boarding schools not only as a historical injustice, but as an intergenerational wound.

Today, tribes and Native families are working to recover student records, identify burial sites, return remains to families, revive Indigenous languages, preserve traditional practices, and tell histories that government institutions ignored for generations.

The story of Native treaties and the story of Native boarding schools are connected.

Treaties show that the United States recognized Native nations when it needed land, peace, trade, or military cooperation. The later land seizures, forced removals, and assimilation policies show how often the government abandoned those commitments once it had gained power over Native territory.

The written treaties remain evidence of promises made. The boarding schools remain evidence of what happened when federal policy shifted from negotiating with Native nations to trying to absorb, control, and erase them.

Ontario’s Lake Ontario sign delivers a blunt rebuke to Trump

 

GRIMSBY, Ontario — Ontario officials put up a large shoreline sign reading “Lake Ontario. Now and Always” after President Donald Trump attempted to rename the Great Lake “Lake America,” turning what began as an executive order into an international embarrassment.

Ontario Premier Doug Ford unveiled the sign Friday, making clear that Canada does not recognize Trump’s attempt to rewrite the name of a lake shared by two countries simply because he decided he did not like Ontario standing up to him.

“Long before President Trump, this lake was called Lake Ontario,” Ford said. “Long after President Trump is gone, it will still be called Lake Ontario.”

The move came as relations between the United States and Canada worsened following the collapse of trade talks and new U.S. tariffs on Canadian goods. Ford said Trump’s renaming effort appeared to be retaliation against Canada for refusing to be pushed around.

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney also rejected the name change, saying Lake Ontario is Lake Ontario “today and forever.”

Trump announced the order Thursday from the Oval Office, comparing it to his earlier effort to call the Gulf of Mexico the “Gulf of America.” He suggested the United States may eventually need to rename an ocean, too.

“We have a Gulf and we have a lake,” Trump said. “Now, all we need is an ocean.”

The comments drew fresh criticism that Trump is spending time on political stunts and nationalist branding while families in both countries are dealing with higher prices, trade uncertainty and the economic consequences of tariff fights.

Trump later posted an AI-generated video showing himself knocking down a Lake Ontario sign and replacing it with one that read “Lake of America.” The video was meant to project dominance. Instead, it underscored the absurdity of a president treating an international body of water like a piece of personal property that can be renamed for a social media victory lap.

Ontario’s response was simple and far more grounded: the lake had a name before Trump, and it will have the same name after him.

“Just in case President Trump or anyone else forgets, we have set up this sign to remind them,” Ford said. “It’s Lake Ontario, now and forever.”

Kash Patel’s FBI Quietly Drops Prostitution and Bestiality as Automatic Disqualifiers for New Agents

 

The FBI has quietly changed some of its hiring rules under Director Kash Patel, removing automatic disqualifications that once barred applicants who admitted to hiring prostitutes, stealing from an employer, or engaging in bestiality.

The changes were communicated internally in a June 16 memo, according to CBS News, which cited multiple sources familiar with the FBI’s updated applicant-screening guidelines.

For years, the FBI listed “engagement in prostitution or bestiality” as automatic disqualifiers for employment. That language appeared in an archived 2023 version of the bureau’s hiring requirements. It is no longer included in the current public guidance.

That does not mean the FBI is openly welcoming applicants with criminal histories. But it does mean some conduct that previously ended an application immediately can now be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.

Under the reported standards, someone who paid for sex may still be considered if it occurred fewer than three times and more than 10 years ago. There is an important exception: applicants who did so while holding a position of trust remain automatically disqualified. The FBI defines those positions broadly, including public safety, education, health care, social work, finance and law.

Applicants who stole from an employer may also remain eligible if the theft happened more than three years ago.

The most troubling change involves bestiality and animal cruelty. Sources told CBS that applicants may still be eligible if the conduct occurred before they turned 18. The policy reportedly does not clearly distinguish between a person who was coerced or abused as a child and someone who willingly engaged in the behavior.

The FBI says the policy is intended for rare situations, including people who were victims of abuse involving animals as children. An FBI spokesperson said the revised questions are meant to separate applicants who committed criminal acts from people whose past conduct requires further review because of unusual circumstances.

Still, critics are asking why the nation’s premier federal law-enforcement agency would remove these issues from its automatic-disqualification list at all.

FBI agents carry guns, make arrests, handle sensitive evidence and classified information, and often testify in serious criminal cases. Their personal judgment, honesty and vulnerability to blackmail matter. That is why prior misconduct involving prostitution, theft, animal cruelty or sexually deviant behavior was treated as an immediate red flag in the first place.

The timing also raises questions. The FBI has lost more than 1,100 special agents in recent years through firings, retirements and resignations, according to reporting cited by CBS. The bureau currently employs roughly 13,700 agents.

Patel has argued that older requirements have caused the FBI to lose qualified candidates. In a July interview, he insisted the bureau was not lowering standards.

“We’re not reducing our standards,” Patel said. “We’re actually making it harder.”

But the public can reasonably look at the changes and ask a simple question: if conduct that once automatically disqualified a candidate no longer does, what exactly does “making it harder” mean?

The FBI insists applicants still face extensive background checks, interviews, credit reviews and polygraph examinations, and that criminal sexual conduct remains disqualifying. Even so, changing the rules from automatic rejection to discretionary review sends a message.

At a time when confidence in federal law enforcement is already strained, the FBI should be raising public trust, not creating new reasons for Americans to wonder whether its standards are slipping.

The Economy Is Crashing. Trump’s Answer Is to Rename a Lake.

 

While American families face rising costs, shrinking purchasing power and renewed economic uncertainty, President Donald Trump has made a symbolic renaming fight with Canada one of his headline priorities: Lake Ontario is now “Lake America” in U.S. federal usage.

It is hard to imagine a clearer picture of misplaced priorities.

The latest trade data is not a minor blip. The U.S. goods trade deficit widened from $101.4 billion in June to $118.8 billion in July, a one-month increase of $17.4 billion, or roughly 17 percent. It was the largest goods deficit since March 2025.

That gap reflects a simple and troubling reality: the United States bought far more goods from the rest of the world than it sold.

Goods exports fell by $6 billion in July, dropping 2.9 percent to $199.4 billion. That was the third consecutive monthly decline and the lowest level since January. Meanwhile, goods imports rose by $11.4 billion, or 3.7 percent, to $318.2 billion, a 16-month high.

In other words, America’s export side weakened while its dependence on imported goods increased.

This is the opposite of the picture Trump has repeatedly painted. He has sold tariffs and trade confrontations as the path to reshoring factories, restoring industrial strength and making America less dependent on foreign production. But the July numbers show a wider deficit, declining exports and increasing imports.

The details are even more revealing.

Imports of capital goods jumped 11.3 percent in a single month. Capital goods include the machinery, equipment and tools businesses use to produce goods and services. Some of that increase reflects major investment, including investment connected to the technology and artificial-intelligence boom. But it also means that American companies are still looking abroad for a substantial share of the equipment needed to expand and operate.

Imports of consumer goods also rose. At the same time, exports of industrial supplies fell 11.2 percent, while exports of food, feed and beverages declined 1.4 percent and automotive exports fell 0.7 percent.

This is not the economic independence Trump promised.

For ordinary Americans, the broader pressure is just as real. Consumer prices were 3.4 percent higher in July than they were a year earlier. Food prices were up 3 percent. Food away from home, meaning restaurants and takeout, rose 3.4 percent. Energy costs rose 14.7 percent over the year, driven in large part by a 24.6 percent increase in gasoline prices. Electricity was up 4.2 percent and natural-gas costs rose 4.3 percent.

Those are not abstract numbers. They show up in family budgets every week.

A worker may see a slightly larger paycheck, but the buying power of that paycheck is what matters. Real average hourly earnings, adjusted for inflation, fell 0.1 percent in July and were down 0.2 percent from a year earlier. For production and nonsupervisory workers, real hourly earnings were also down 0.1 percent over the year.

That is the middle-class squeeze in plain English: people are working, but inflation is taking more of what they earn.

Household debt remains enormous at approximately $18.8 trillion. Consumer credit increased at an annualized rate of 3.3 percent in June, while revolving credit, largely credit-card debt, increased at an annualized 3.9 percent rate in the second quarter. More Americans are putting basic expenses on cards because their income is not stretching far enough.

Consumer confidence has also fallen. The Conference Board’s consumer-confidence index dropped to 89.4 in August, its lowest level in seven months. The expectations index, which measures how Americans view the coming months, fell sharply. Consumers now expect prices to rise by 5.8 percent over the next year.

That is the real issue. Americans do not need another map stunt. They need lower costs, stronger wages, stable jobs, affordable housing, reliable health care and a trade policy that produces something more meaningful than slogans.

No president can solve every economic problem overnight. But a president can choose what to prioritize. He can focus on the affordability crisis, the weakening export picture and the widening trade imbalance. Or he can try to distract the public with a renamed lake.

Trump cannot force Canada, international mapmakers or the rest of the world to call it “Lake America.” Lake Ontario is shared by the United States and Canada, and Canada has made clear it will continue using its historic name.

So what does this accomplish?

It does not lower grocery prices. It does not reduce gasoline prices. It does not make rent cheaper. It does not raise real wages. It does not close the trade deficit. It does not bring back a factory.

It is political theater at a time when Americans need economic leadership.